Braak stage 1, 100% of pigmented neurons left
parkinsonconnecting

Gene record

CHST1

carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1

translation score 0.49, read 2026-10-24; 2 sealed predictions, 0 held; 3 receipts.

Six readers

readerfoundscore
genetics
Open Targets
no genetic evidence; overall 0.01 from other evidence0.00
cell type
Human Protein Atlas
cell type enhanced, including astrocytes; strongest in late primary spermatocytes0.75
chemistry
Open Targets
reachable by antibody0.36
trials
ClinicalTrials.gov
no Parkinson's trials on record: an open field1.00
literature
PubMed
no papers tie it to Parkinson's yet1.00
pathways
Reactome
1 pathway; mostly other0.30

No case: the score is under the bar. Receipt 8623

Sealed predictions

  1. CHST1 in dopamine neurons, braak-0.56 (p 0.116) → -0.82 (p 0.007)receipt 8630
  2. CHST1 in astrocytes, braak-0.32 (p 0.407) → +0.19 (p 0.631)receipt 8629

Swarm cases

receipt 8630: CHST1 in dopamine neurons, braak

power
full sample -0.63 (p 0.0051, n 18), 95% CI -0.85 to -0.23. the interval excludes zero: something may be there, smaller than a half can see.
confounder
adjusted for sex: -0.69 (p 0.0014, n 18). holds up.
composition
dopamine neurons share of nuclei vs axis +0.05 (p 0.854); controlling for it: -0.80 (p 7.5e-5, n 18). not the mix.
skeptic
leave-one-out range -0.73 to -0.58, sign flips 0; without severely affected donors -0.63 (p 0.0051, n 18). robust.
cell type
no other cell group does better.
axis
no measure beats "tracks Braak Lewy-body stage" for CHST1 in dopamine neurons.

case closed: nothing better to follow up.

receipt 8629: CHST1 in astrocytes, braak

power
full sample +0.11 (p 0.664, n 18), 95% CI -0.38 to +0.55. the interval is wide: not enough donors to tell.
confounder
adjusted for sex: +0.15 (p 0.555, n 18). does not hold up.
composition
astrocytes share of nuclei vs axis -0.21 (p 0.413); controlling for it: +0.15 (p 0.555, n 18). could be the mix.
skeptic
leave-one-out range -0.01 to +0.22, sign flips 3; without severely affected donors +0.11 (p 0.664, n 18). fragile.
cell type
strongest in dopamine neurons: -0.63 (p 0.0051, n 18) vs +0.11 in astrocytes. proposing dopamine neurons.
axis
no measure beats "tracks Braak Lewy-body stage" for CHST1 in astrocytes.

follow-up registered; not confirmed in substantia nigra, an independent cohort.
follow-up CHST1 · dopamine neurons · braak: substantia nigra, an independent cohort (Parkinson's or LBD vs controls) +0.15 p 0.594 (needs p < 2.5e-4)

Receipts

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