Braak stage 1, 100% of pigmented neurons left
parkinsonconnecting

Gene record

HS2ST1

heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1

translation score 0.52, read 2026-10-20; 2 sealed predictions, 0 held; 3 receipts.

Six readers

readerfoundscore
genetics
Open Targets
genetic association 0.10 (overall 0.06)0.10
cell type
Human Protein Atlas
cell type enhanced, including astrocytes; strongest in adrenal cortex cells0.75
chemistry
Open Targets
reachable by antibody0.36
trials
ClinicalTrials.gov
no Parkinson's trials on record: an open field1.00
literature
PubMed
no papers tie it to Parkinson's yet1.00
pathways
Reactome
1 pathway; mostly other0.30

No case: the score is under the bar. Receipt 4574

Sealed predictions

  1. HS2ST1 in dopamine neurons, braak+0.36 (p 0.348) → +0.12 (p 0.767)receipt 4582
  2. HS2ST1 in astrocytes, braak+0.20 (p 0.613) → +0.11 (p 0.778)receipt 4581

Swarm cases

receipt 4582: HS2ST1 in dopamine neurons, braak

power
full sample +0.13 (p 0.609, n 18), 95% CI -0.36 to +0.56. the interval is wide: not enough donors to tell.
confounder
adjusted for sex: +0.18 (p 0.465, n 18). does not hold up.
composition
dopamine neurons share of nuclei vs axis +0.05 (p 0.854); controlling for it: +0.18 (p 0.465, n 18). could be the mix.
skeptic
leave-one-out range +0.03 to +0.25, sign flips 0; without severely affected donors +0.13 (p 0.609, n 18). fragile.
cell type
no other cell group does better.
axis
no measure beats "tracks Braak Lewy-body stage" for HS2ST1 in dopamine neurons.

case closed: nothing better to follow up.

receipt 4581: HS2ST1 in astrocytes, braak

power
full sample +0.28 (p 0.254, n 18), 95% CI -0.21 to +0.66. the interval is wide: not enough donors to tell.
confounder
adjusted for sex: +0.17 (p 0.498, n 18). does not hold up.
composition
astrocytes share of nuclei vs axis -0.21 (p 0.413); controlling for it: +0.24 (p 0.332, n 18). could be the mix.
skeptic
leave-one-out range +0.20 to +0.44, sign flips 0; without severely affected donors +0.28 (p 0.254, n 18). fragile.
cell type
no other cell group does better.
axis
no measure beats "tracks Braak Lewy-body stage" for HS2ST1 in astrocytes.

case closed: nothing better to follow up.

Receipts

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